Yield Production and Energy Budget of Traditional Agricultural Crops in Garhwal Himalaya

The yield production and energy budget of agroecosystem was carried out at three different climatic regions, i.e., tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate in Garhwal Himalaya, India. The total human population was the highest (1 140) in tropical region, followed by 464 in temperate region, and 374 in sub-tropical region. Livestock population had also a similar trend with human population in each climatic region, which was 870, 290, and 188 in the tropical, temperate, and sub-tropical regions, respectively. In winter season, the crop production was the highest (2 332 kg ha-1 yr-1) for Triticum aestivum in tropical region followed by 1 716 kg ha-1 yr-1 in sub-tropical region, and 1473 kg ha-1 yr-1 in temperate region. The associated crops were Hordeum vulgare, Brassica campestris,and Pisum saliva. However, in summer season, the most contributing crop was Oryza saliva, which had also the highest production in tropical region followed by sub-tropical region, and temperate region, i.e., 1 160, 1 096, and 1076 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Other growing crops were Elusine coracana,Vigna mugo, Glycine soja, and Echnochlola frumentaceae. Brassica rugosa was the only crop grown in tropical region between the period of winter and summer season. The total root production of crops in each climatic region was the highest in tropical region (1 846.2 kg ha-1yr-1), followed by temperate region (1 841.5 kg ha-1 yr-1) and sub-tropical region (1442.5 kg ha-1 yr-1). However, shoot components of crops were 20241.5, 17847.0, and 1 188.3 kg ha-1 yr-1, which recorded parallel to root in each climatic region. The root and shoot components of weed decreased with increasing altitudes, which were 105.39 and 1150.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in tropical region, 94.55 and 1147.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in sub-tropical region, and 73.33 and 871.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in temperate region for root and shoot, respectively. In the energy inputs, the most contribution was of compost in each climatic region. Among the region, the highest